Grilling with a Healthier Mindset | Poster The neutral fraction of the chicken grilled with the sauce for 3, 5 and 7 min contained 3.8, 19 and 43 ng, respectively, of 1-NP per gram of yakitori accounting for 3.0, 2.7 and 1.3%, respectively, of the total mutagenicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) The neutral fraction of yakitori was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The neutral fraction of yakitori with sauce showed high mutagenicity for strain TA98 in the absence of S9 mix, but low mutagenicity for strains TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6, suggesting that this fraction might contain nitropyrenes (NPs). However, when the chicken was grilled with the sauce, the basic fraction showed lower mutagenicity for strain TA98 in the presence of S9 mix than did the same fraction without the sauce. This is probably due to the presence of amino acid or protein pyrolysates. typhimurium strain TA98 in the presence of S9 mix. The basic fraction of yakitori without the sauce was more mutagenic than the other fractions for S. The mutagenicity of these fractions was measured with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98, TA98NR and TA98/1,8-DNP6 in the presence and absence of a 9000 X g post-mitochondrial supernatant from Aroclor 1254-treated Sprague-Dawley rat liver (S9 mix). Pieces of raw chicken with or without a marinating sauce were grilled over a city gas flame, extracted with benzene-ethanol (4:1) by ultrasonication and fractionated into diethyl ether-soluble neutral, acidic and basic fractions. This work shows that marinating is one method that can significantly reduce PhIP concentration in grilled chicken.ĭetection of 1-nitropyrene in yakitori ( grilled chicken). PhIP decreased in grilled chicken after marinating with several individual ingredients. Marinating chicken in one ingredient at a time showed that sugar was involved in the increased MeIQx, but the reason for the decrease in PhIP was unclear.
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Although a change in free amino acids, which are heterocyclic amine precursors, might explain the decrease in PhIP and increase in MeIQx, no such change was detected. Mutagenic activity was lower in marinated samples cooked for 10, 20 and 30 min, but higher in the marinated samples cooked for 40 min, compared with unmarinated controls. The mutagenic activity of the sample extracts was also measured, using the Ames/Salmonella assay. Marinating reduced the total detectable heterocyclic amines from 56 to 1.7 ng/g, from 158 to 10 ng/g and from 330 to 44 ng/g for grilling times of 20, 30 and 40 min, respectively. Conversely, 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazoquinoxaline (MeIQx) increased over 10-fold with marinating, but only at the 30 and 40 min cooking times. Compared with unmarinated controls, a 92-99% decrease in 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazopyridine (PhIP) was observed in whole chicken breast marinated with a mixture of brown sugar, olive oil, cider vinegar, garlic, mustard, lemon juice and salt, then grilled for 10, 20, 30 or 40 min.
Chicken was marinated prior to grilling and the levels of several heterocyclic amines formed during cooking were determined by solid-phase extraction and HPLC. This study compared heterocyclic aromatic amines in marinated and unmarinated chicken breast meat flame-broiled on a propane grill.
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